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Please include the following statement when referencing the CPTAC Assay Portal
We would like to acknowledge the National Cancer Institute’s Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) Assay Portal (assays.cancer.gov) for developing assays and establishing criteria for the assays described in this publication.

Overview Data source: UniProt

Official Gene Symbol Other Aliases
IL18 IGIF, IL1F4
Sequence Length (AA) Molecular Weight (Da)
193 22326
Protein Name
Interleukin-18
Sources
UniProt
PhosphoSitePlus ®
GeneCards
Human Protein Atlas

Protein Sequence hover to view complete sequence

10 20 30 40 50
MAAEPVEDNC INFVAMKFID NTLYFIAEDD ENLESDYFGK LESKLSVIRN
60 70 80 90 100
LNDQVLFIDQ GNRPLFEDMT DSDCRDNAPR TIFIISMYKD SQPRGMAVTI
110 120 130 140 150
SVKCEKISTL SCENKIISFK EMNPPDNIKD TKSDIIFFQR SVPGHDNKMQ
160 170 180 190 193
FESSSYEGYF LACEKERDLF KLILKKEDEL GDRSIMFTVQ NED

Data source: UniProt


Position of Targeted Peptide Analytes Relative to SNPs, Isoforms, and PTMs

Uniprot Database Entry PhosphoSitePlus ®

Click a point on a node
to view detailed assay information below
All other points link out to UniProt



Phosphorylation Acetylation Ubiquitylation Other

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Assay Details for CPTAC-1431 Collapse assay details

Data source: Panorama

Official Gene Symbol
IL18
Peptide Sequence
EDELGDR
Modification Type
unmodified
Protein - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide Start
177
Peptide End
183
CPTAC ID
CPTAC-1431
Peptide Molecular Mass
832.3563
Species
Homo sapiens (Human)
Assay Type
Direct MRM
Matrix
depleted digested plasma
Submitting Laboratory
Broad Institute
Submitting Lab PI
Steven A. Carr

Publication

View Details (opens in a new window)

Large-Scale Interlaboratory Study to Develop, Analytically Validate and Apply Highly Multiplexed, Quantitative Peptide Assays to Measure Cancer-Relevant Proteins in Plasma. Abbatiello SE, Schilling B, Mani DR, Zimmerman LJ, Hall SC, MacLean B, Albertolle M, Allen S, Burgess M, Cusack MP, Gosh M, Hedrick V, Held JM, Inerowicz HD, Jackson A, Keshishian H, Kinsinger CR, Lyssand J, Makowski L, Mesri M, Rodriguez H, Rudnick P, Sadowski P, Sedransk N, Shaddox K, Skates SJ, Kuhn E, Smith D, Whiteaker JR, Whitwell C, Zhang S, Borchers CH, Fisher SJ, Gibson BW, Liebler DC, MacCoss MJ, Neubert TA, Paulovich AG, Regnier FE, Tempst P, Carr SA. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2015 Sep;14(9):2357-74. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M114.047050. Epub 2015 Feb 18. PMID: 25693799


Assay Parameters Collapse assay parameters

Data source: Panorama

Instrument
Quantiva TSQ
Internal Standard
heavy stable isotope peptide (delta 8-10)
Peptide Standard Purity
>95%
Peptide Standard Label Type
15N
LC
Easy NanoLC1000
Column Packing
Reprosil C18, 1.9um, 200A
Column Dimensions
0.075 x 150 mm
Flow Rate
200 nL/min

Chromatograms

Data source: Panorama


Response Curves

Data source: Panorama

Retrieving Data

Loader

Repeatability

Data source: Panorama

  Average intra-assay CV
(within day CV)
Average inter-assay CV
(between day CV)
Total CV
equation
n=
Fragment ion / Transition Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High
y6 (1+) 4.3 2.8 3.4 6.8 4.5 4.1 8 5.3 5.3 15 15 15
y5 (1+) 4.7 2.5 2.3 6.7 6.3 3.5 8.2 6.8 4.2 15 15 15
y4 (1+) 2.5 1.9 1.6 3.9 6.3 3.6 4.6 6.6 3.9 15 15 15
sum 2.2 1.8 1.7 4.3 6 3.4 4.8 6.3 3.8 15 15 15


Additional Resources and Comments


Assay Details for CPTAC-1435 Collapse assay details

Data source: Panorama

Official Gene Symbol
IL18
Peptide Sequence
GMAVTISVK
Modification Type
unmodified
Protein - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide Start
95
Peptide End
103
CPTAC ID
CPTAC-1435
Peptide Molecular Mass
904.5052
Species
Homo sapiens (Human)
Assay Type
Direct MRM
Matrix
depleted digested plasma
Submitting Laboratory
Broad Institute
Submitting Lab PI
Steven A. Carr

Publication

View Details (opens in a new window)

Large-Scale Interlaboratory Study to Develop, Analytically Validate and Apply Highly Multiplexed, Quantitative Peptide Assays to Measure Cancer-Relevant Proteins in Plasma. Abbatiello SE, Schilling B, Mani DR, Zimmerman LJ, Hall SC, MacLean B, Albertolle M, Allen S, Burgess M, Cusack MP, Gosh M, Hedrick V, Held JM, Inerowicz HD, Jackson A, Keshishian H, Kinsinger CR, Lyssand J, Makowski L, Mesri M, Rodriguez H, Rudnick P, Sadowski P, Sedransk N, Shaddox K, Skates SJ, Kuhn E, Smith D, Whiteaker JR, Whitwell C, Zhang S, Borchers CH, Fisher SJ, Gibson BW, Liebler DC, MacCoss MJ, Neubert TA, Paulovich AG, Regnier FE, Tempst P, Carr SA. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2015 Sep;14(9):2357-74. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M114.047050. Epub 2015 Feb 18. PMID: 25693799


Assay Parameters Collapse assay parameters

Data source: Panorama

Instrument
Quantiva TSQ
Internal Standard
heavy stable isotope peptide (delta 8-10)
Peptide Standard Purity
>95%
Peptide Standard Label Type
15N
LC
Easy NanoLC1000
Column Packing
Reprosil C18, 1.9um, 200A
Column Dimensions
0.075 x 150 mm
Flow Rate
200 nL/min

Chromatograms

Data source: Panorama


Response Curves

Data source: Panorama

Retrieving Data

Loader

Repeatability

Data source: Panorama

  Average intra-assay CV
(within day CV)
Average inter-assay CV
(between day CV)
Total CV
equation
n=
Fragment ion / Transition Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High
y7 (1+) 4.5 3.8 4.2 14.5 7.5 5.9 15.2 8.4 7.2 15 15 15
y6 (1+) 5.5 5.8 4 15.2 9.9 4.8 16.2 11.5 6.2 15 15 15
y5 (1+) 5.6 1.7 3.3 18.2 7 4 19 7.2 5.2 15 15 15
sum 3.5 2.9 3.4 15.6 7.6 4.4 16 8.1 5.6 15 15 15


Additional Resources and Comments


Assay Details for CPTAC-1434 Collapse assay details

Data source: Panorama

Official Gene Symbol
IL18
Peptide Modified Sequence
ISTLSC[+57.0]ENK
Modification Type
Carbamidomethyl Cysteine
Protein - Site of Modification
112
Peptide - Site of Modification
6
Peptide Start
107
Peptide End
115
CPTAC ID
CPTAC-1434
Peptide Molecular Mass
1,050.5016
Species
Homo sapiens (Human)
Assay Type
Direct MRM
Matrix
depleted digested plasma
Submitting Laboratory
Broad Institute
Submitting Lab PI
Steven A. Carr

Publication

View Details (opens in a new window)

Large-Scale Interlaboratory Study to Develop, Analytically Validate and Apply Highly Multiplexed, Quantitative Peptide Assays to Measure Cancer-Relevant Proteins in Plasma. Abbatiello SE, Schilling B, Mani DR, Zimmerman LJ, Hall SC, MacLean B, Albertolle M, Allen S, Burgess M, Cusack MP, Gosh M, Hedrick V, Held JM, Inerowicz HD, Jackson A, Keshishian H, Kinsinger CR, Lyssand J, Makowski L, Mesri M, Rodriguez H, Rudnick P, Sadowski P, Sedransk N, Shaddox K, Skates SJ, Kuhn E, Smith D, Whiteaker JR, Whitwell C, Zhang S, Borchers CH, Fisher SJ, Gibson BW, Liebler DC, MacCoss MJ, Neubert TA, Paulovich AG, Regnier FE, Tempst P, Carr SA. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2015 Sep;14(9):2357-74. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M114.047050. Epub 2015 Feb 18. PMID: 25693799


Assay Parameters Collapse assay parameters

Data source: Panorama

Instrument
Quantiva TSQ
Internal Standard
heavy stable isotope peptide (delta 8-10)
Peptide Standard Purity
>95%
Peptide Standard Label Type
13C and 15N at C-terminus K
LC
Easy NanoLC1000
Column Packing
Reprosil C18, 1.9um, 200A
Column Dimensions
0.075 x 150 mm
Flow Rate
200 nL/min

Chromatograms

Data source: Panorama


Response Curves

Data source: Panorama

Retrieving Data

Loader

Repeatability

Data source: Panorama

  Average intra-assay CV
(within day CV)
Average inter-assay CV
(between day CV)
Total CV
equation
n=
Fragment ion / Transition Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High
y8 (1+) 3.9 2.8 2.9 5.6 5.2 4 6.8 5.9 4.9 15 15 15
y5 (1+) 2.8 1.6 2.3 4.6 5.3 3.8 5.4 5.5 4.4 15 15 15
y7 (1+) 4.1 2.1 2.2 4.8 5.5 3.4 6.3 5.9 4 15 15 15
sum 2.6 1.4 2 4.2 5.2 3.4 4.9 5.4 3.9 15 15 15


Additional Resources and Comments


Assay Details for CPTAC-1432 Collapse assay details

Data source: Panorama

Official Gene Symbol
IL18
Peptide Sequence
SDIIFFQR
Modification Type
unmodified
Protein - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide Start
133
Peptide End
140
CPTAC ID
CPTAC-1432
Peptide Molecular Mass
1,024.5342
Species
Homo sapiens (Human)
Assay Type
Direct MRM
Matrix
depleted digested plasma
Submitting Laboratory
Broad Institute
Submitting Lab PI
Steven A. Carr

Publication

View Details (opens in a new window)

Large-Scale Interlaboratory Study to Develop, Analytically Validate and Apply Highly Multiplexed, Quantitative Peptide Assays to Measure Cancer-Relevant Proteins in Plasma. Abbatiello SE, Schilling B, Mani DR, Zimmerman LJ, Hall SC, MacLean B, Albertolle M, Allen S, Burgess M, Cusack MP, Gosh M, Hedrick V, Held JM, Inerowicz HD, Jackson A, Keshishian H, Kinsinger CR, Lyssand J, Makowski L, Mesri M, Rodriguez H, Rudnick P, Sadowski P, Sedransk N, Shaddox K, Skates SJ, Kuhn E, Smith D, Whiteaker JR, Whitwell C, Zhang S, Borchers CH, Fisher SJ, Gibson BW, Liebler DC, MacCoss MJ, Neubert TA, Paulovich AG, Regnier FE, Tempst P, Carr SA. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2015 Sep;14(9):2357-74. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M114.047050. Epub 2015 Feb 18. PMID: 25693799


Assay Parameters Collapse assay parameters

Data source: Panorama

Instrument
Quantiva TSQ
Internal Standard
heavy stable isotope peptide (delta 8-10)
Peptide Standard Purity
>95%
Peptide Standard Label Type
15N
LC
Easy NanoLC1000
Column Packing
Reprosil C18, 1.9um, 200A
Column Dimensions
0.075 x 150 mm
Flow Rate
200 nL/min

Chromatograms

Data source: Panorama


Response Curves

Data source: Panorama

Retrieving Data

Loader

Repeatability

Data source: Panorama

  Average intra-assay CV
(within day CV)
Average inter-assay CV
(between day CV)
Total CV
equation
n=
Fragment ion / Transition Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High
y5 (1+) 3 0.9 2.4 5.9 4.9 3.3 6.6 5 4.1 15 15 15
y4 (1+) 2.2 1 2.6 7.1 5.3 2.8 7.4 5.4 3.8 15 15 15
y6 (1+) 4.3 2.1 2 5.2 5.9 3.8 6.7 6.3 4.3 15 15 15
sum 2.4 0.8 2.4 6.5 5.2 2.8 6.9 5.3 3.7 15 15 15


Additional Resources and Comments


Assay Details for CPTAC-1433 Collapse assay details

Data source: Panorama

Official Gene Symbol
IL18
Peptide Sequence
TIFIISMYK
Modification Type
unmodified
Protein - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide Start
81
Peptide End
89
CPTAC ID
CPTAC-1433
Peptide Molecular Mass
1,114.6097
Species
Homo sapiens (Human)
Assay Type
Direct MRM
Matrix
depleted digested plasma
Submitting Laboratory
Broad Institute
Submitting Lab PI
Steven A. Carr

Publication

View Details (opens in a new window)

Large-Scale Interlaboratory Study to Develop, Analytically Validate and Apply Highly Multiplexed, Quantitative Peptide Assays to Measure Cancer-Relevant Proteins in Plasma. Abbatiello SE, Schilling B, Mani DR, Zimmerman LJ, Hall SC, MacLean B, Albertolle M, Allen S, Burgess M, Cusack MP, Gosh M, Hedrick V, Held JM, Inerowicz HD, Jackson A, Keshishian H, Kinsinger CR, Lyssand J, Makowski L, Mesri M, Rodriguez H, Rudnick P, Sadowski P, Sedransk N, Shaddox K, Skates SJ, Kuhn E, Smith D, Whiteaker JR, Whitwell C, Zhang S, Borchers CH, Fisher SJ, Gibson BW, Liebler DC, MacCoss MJ, Neubert TA, Paulovich AG, Regnier FE, Tempst P, Carr SA. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2015 Sep;14(9):2357-74. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M114.047050. Epub 2015 Feb 18. PMID: 25693799


Assay Parameters Collapse assay parameters

Data source: Panorama

Instrument
Quantiva TSQ
Internal Standard
heavy stable isotope peptide (delta 8-10)
Peptide Standard Purity
>95%
Peptide Standard Label Type
15N
LC
Easy NanoLC1000
Column Packing
Reprosil C18, 1.9um, 200A
Column Dimensions
0.075 x 150 mm
Flow Rate
200 nL/min

Chromatograms

Data source: Panorama


Response Curves

Data source: Panorama

Retrieving Data

Loader

Repeatability

Data source: Panorama

  Average intra-assay CV
(within day CV)
Average inter-assay CV
(between day CV)
Total CV
equation
n=
Fragment ion / Transition Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High
y6 (1+) 4.8 2.3 3.3 11.2 6.4 3.2 12.2 6.8 4.6 15 15 15
y7 (1+) 3.3 3.9 1.9 11.6 6.5 2.9 12.1 7.6 3.5 15 15 15
y5 (1+) 5.5 2.6 2.7 12.5 8 2.2 13.7 8.4 3.5 15 15 15
sum 3.3 2.4 1.5 11.5 6.6 1.7 12 7 2.3 15 15 15


Additional Resources and Comments


Assay Details for CPTAC-705 Collapse assay details

Data source: Panorama

Official Gene Symbol
IL18
Peptide Modified Sequence
ISTLSC[+57.0]ENK
Modification Type
Carbamidomethyl Cysteine
Protein - Site of Modification
112
Peptide - Site of Modification
6
Peptide Start
107
Peptide End
115
CPTAC ID
CPTAC-705
Peptide Molecular Mass
1,050.5016
Species
Homo sapiens (Human)
Assay Type
Enrichment MRM
Enrichment Method
peptide immunoaffinity
Matrix
plasma
Submitting Laboratory
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Submitting Lab PI
Amanda Paulovich

Publication

View Details (opens in a new window)

Anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies generated for immuno-multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry assays have a high probability of supporting Western blot and ELISA. Schoenherr RM, Saul RG, Whiteaker JR, Yan P, Whiteley GR, Paulovich AG. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2015 Feb;14(2):382-98. doi: 10.1074/mcp.O114.043133. Epub 2014 Dec 15. PMID: 25512614


Assay Parameters Collapse assay parameters

Data source: Panorama

Instrument
5500 Qtrap
Internal Standard
synthetic peptide
Peptide Standard Purity
>95%
Peptide Standard Label Type
13C and 15N at C-terminus K
LC
Eksigent NanoLC 2D
Column Packing
ReproSil-Pur C18-AQ 3 um
Column Dimensions
100 mm x 75 um ID
Flow Rate
300 nL/min

Chromatograms

Data source: Panorama


Response Curves

Data source: Panorama

Retrieving Data

Loader

Repeatability

Data source: Panorama

  Average intra-assay CV
(within day CV)
Average inter-assay CV
(between day CV)
Total CV
equation
n=
Fragment ion / Transition Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High
y5 (1+) 22.8 4.2 2.1 27.2 7.3 3.1 35.5 8.4 3.7 15 15 15
y7 (1+) 14.7 4.5 1.9 26.4 6.4 3.4 30.2 7.8 3.9 15 15 15
y8 (1+) 17.7 6.3 2.2 23.8 7.1 3.7 29.7 9.5 4.3 15 15 15
sum 14.3 3.6 1.5 21.4 5.1 3.1 25.7 6.2 3.4 15 15 15


Additional Resources and Comments


Assay Details for CPTAC-5980 Collapse assay details

Data source: Panorama

Official Gene Symbol
IL18
Peptide Modified Sequence
ISTLSC[+57.021464]ENK
Modification Type
Carbamidomethyl Cysteine
Protein - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide - Site of Modification
4
Peptide Start
107
Peptide End
115
CPTAC ID
CPTAC-5980
Peptide Molecular Mass
1,050.5016
Species
Homo sapiens (Human)
Assay Type
Enrichment MRM
Enrichment Method
peptide immunoaffinity
Matrix
FFPE tumor tissue lysate pool
Submitting Laboratory
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Submitting Lab PI
Amanda Paulovich

Publication

View Details (opens in a new window)

Targeted Mass Spectrometry Enables Multiplexed Quantification of Immunomodulatory Proteins in Clinical Biospecimens.Whiteaker JR, Lundeen RA, Zhao L, Schoenherr RM, Burian A, Huang D, Voytovich U, Wang T, Kennedy JJ, Ivey RG, Lin C, Murillo OD, Lorentzen TD, Thiagarajan M, Colantonio S, Caceres TW, Roberts RR, Knotts JG, Reading JJ, Kaczmarczyk JA, Richardson CW, Garcia-Buntley SS, Bocik W, Hewitt SM, Murray KE, Do N, Brophy M, Wilz SW, Yu H, Ajjarapu S, Boja E, Hiltke T, Rodriguez H, Paulovich AG.Front Immunol. 2021 Nov 11;12:765898. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765898. eCollection 2021.PMID: 34858420


Assay Parameters Collapse assay parameters

Data source: Panorama

Instrument
QTRAP 5500
Internal Standard
peptide
Peptide Standard Purity
>95%
Peptide Standard Label Type
13C and 15N at C-terminus K
LC
Eksigent nanoLC 425
Column Packing
3 µm ChromXP C18EP, 120 Å
Column Dimensions
150 x 0.3 mm
Flow Rate
0.3 µL/min

Chromatograms

Data source: Panorama


Response Curves

Data source: Panorama

Retrieving Data

Loader

Repeatability

Data source: Panorama

  Average intra-assay CV
(within day CV)
Average inter-assay CV
(between day CV)
Total CV
equation
n=
Fragment ion / Transition Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High
y8 (1+) 6.9 3.4 1.9 8.6 12.1 13.1 11 12.6 13.2 13 25 14
y7 (1+) 5.9 2.7 1.8 9.2 10.8 13 10.9 11.1 13.1 13 25 14
y5 (1+) 6.9 2.8 2.8 8 10.6 13.4 10.6 11 13.7 13 25 14
sum 6.4 2.8 2.1 8.6 11 13.1 10.7 11.4 13.3 13 25 14


Additional Resources and Comments


Assay Details for CPTAC-1249 Collapse assay details

Data source: Panorama

Official Gene Symbol
IL18
Peptide Modified Sequence
ISTLSC[+57.0]ENK
Modification Type
Carbamidomethyl (C)
Protein - Site of Modification
112
Peptide - Site of Modification
6
Peptide Start
107
Peptide End
115
CPTAC ID
CPTAC-1249
Peptide Molecular Mass
1,050.5016
Species
Homo sapiens (Human)
Assay Type
Direct MRM
Matrix
Ovarian cancer tumor tissue lysate
Submitting Laboratory
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Submitting Lab PI
Tao Liu

Assay Parameters Collapse assay parameters

Data source: Panorama

Instrument
TSQ Vantage
Internal Standard
peptide
Peptide Standard Purity
>95%
Peptide Standard Label Type
13C and 15N at C-terminus K
LC
Waters nanoACQUITY (Part Number 176016000)
Column Packing
Waters BEH C18, 1.7 um 130 Å (Part Number 186007485)
Column Dimensions
100 um x 100 mm
Flow Rate
0.5 uL/min

Chromatograms

Data source: Panorama


Response Curves

Data source: Panorama

Retrieving Data

Loader

Repeatability

Data source: Panorama

  Average intra-assay CV
(within day CV)
Average inter-assay CV
(between day CV)
Total CV
equation
n=
Fragment ion / Transition Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High
y5 (1+) 11.7 8.7 6.9 13.5 12 8.6 17.9 14.8 11 15 15 15
y6 (1+) 12.5 10 6.8 17.3 10.8 9.1 21.3 14.7 11.4 15 15 15
y8 (1+) 10.3 6.9 7.4 16.2 10.4 7.3 19.2 12.5 10.4 15 15 15
sum 6 6.8 5.1 11.8 10.5 7.6 13.2 12.5 9.2 15 15 15


Additional Resources and Comments


Assay Details for CPTAC-1250 Collapse assay details

Data source: Panorama

Official Gene Symbol
IL18
Peptide Sequence
SDIIFFQR
Modification Type
unmodified
Protein - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide - Site of Modification
N/A
Peptide Start
133
Peptide End
140
CPTAC ID
CPTAC-1250
Peptide Molecular Mass
1,024.5342
Species
Homo sapiens (Human)
Assay Type
Direct MRM
Matrix
Ovarian cancer tumor tissue lysate
Submitting Laboratory
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Submitting Lab PI
Tao Liu

Assay Parameters Collapse assay parameters

Data source: Panorama

Instrument
TSQ Vantage
Internal Standard
peptide
Peptide Standard Purity
>95%
Peptide Standard Label Type
15N
LC
Waters nanoACQUITY (Part Number 176016000)
Column Packing
Waters BEH C18, 1.7 um 130 Å (Part Number 186007485)
Column Dimensions
100 um x 100 mm
Flow Rate
0.5 uL/min

Chromatograms

Data source: Panorama


Response Curves

Data source: Panorama

Retrieving Data

Loader

Repeatability

Data source: Panorama

  Average intra-assay CV
(within day CV)
Average inter-assay CV
(between day CV)
Total CV
equation
n=
Fragment ion / Transition Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High
y4 (1+) 19.4 4.9 7.4 20.6 9.9 10.9 28.3 11 13.2 15 15 15
y5 (1+) 14.3 3.5 4.2 13.6 8.6 8.8 19.7 9.3 9.8 15 15 15
y6 (1+) 34.9 6.2 8.1 31.5 10.1 10.2 47 11.9 13 15 15 15
sum 13.6 3.5 5.7 15.6 8.7 9.4 20.7 9.4 11 15 15 15


Additional Resources and Comments